關(guān)鍵詞:公路建設(shè)BOT政府保證責(zé)任
近年來,我國(guó)公路建設(shè)已經(jīng)逐步形成了“國(guó)家投資、地方籌資、社會(huì)融資、利用外資”和“貸款修路、收費(fèi)還貸、滾動(dòng)發(fā)展”的投融資體制,使我國(guó)高速公路建設(shè)在近幾年內(nèi)取得了快速的發(fā)展。1989年上海至嘉定高速公路的建成通車使我國(guó)高速公路實(shí)現(xiàn)了零的突破,1999年10月31日濟(jì)南至泰安高速公路的建成通車使我國(guó)高速公路總里程突破1萬公里,居世界第四位。在短短的10年間,1.03萬公里高速公路伸向神州大地。伴隨著京滬、京沈高速公路全線通車,我國(guó)高速公路通車總里程已突破1.6萬公里,居世界第三位,走過了發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家?guī)资曜哌^的路程,為世界矚目。到2010年,我國(guó)將基本建成總長(zhǎng)3.6萬公里的“五縱七橫”國(guó)道主干線。未來十年間高速公路規(guī)劃建設(shè)規(guī)模還有2萬公里左右、建設(shè)任務(wù)艱巨,還需要大量的資金,為解決資金不足的矛盾,BOT融資方式為解決這一矛盾提供了有效途徑。
1BOT投資的特點(diǎn)
BOT方式有狹義和廣義之分。從狹義上講,BOT是指(build—operate—transfer)即“建設(shè)一經(jīng)營(yíng)一移交”的英文第一個(gè)字母縮寫,也就包含這三方面的含義。廣義的理解除了這一含義之外,又有多種具體的變換形式,它主要包括BOOT(build—own—operate—transfer),即:建設(shè)一擁有一經(jīng)營(yíng);BRT(build一rent—transfer),即:建設(shè)一出租一移交等不同的具體操作方式。
具體而言,公路建設(shè)BOT方式是指政府〔通過契約〕授予項(xiàng)目投資者(包括外國(guó)企業(yè)和本國(guó)企業(yè))以一定期限的特許專營(yíng)權(quán),許可其融資建設(shè)和經(jīng)營(yíng)公路建設(shè)項(xiàng)目,并準(zhǔn)許其通過收費(fèi)或沿線服務(wù)設(shè)施的經(jīng)營(yíng)以清償貸款,回收投資并賺取利潤(rùn)。特許權(quán)期限屆滿時(shí),將該公路基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施項(xiàng)目無償移交給政府。例如英法海底隧道、香港地區(qū)的東區(qū)港九海底隧道等一批耗資巨大的項(xiàng)目都是以BOT方式集資建設(shè)并投入運(yùn)營(yíng)的。
BOT投資作為一種新的融資方式,同其它融資方式相比,有其自身的法律特點(diǎn):
(1)從權(quán)利轉(zhuǎn)移看:政府只是通過與項(xiàng)目公司簽訂特許權(quán)協(xié)議(合同),將公路建設(shè)的經(jīng)營(yíng)權(quán)交給項(xiàng)目公司,項(xiàng)目公司則在經(jīng)營(yíng)一定的時(shí)期后將其轉(zhuǎn)交給當(dāng)?shù)卣?/P>
(2)從責(zé)任范圍來看:政府依據(jù)簽訂的協(xié)議(合同),通過經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)的方式將設(shè)計(jì)、融資、建設(shè)、經(jīng)營(yíng)、維護(hù)公路設(shè)施的責(zé)任轉(zhuǎn)移給項(xiàng)目公司。
(3)從項(xiàng)目的資金來看:采用BOT融資的項(xiàng)目所需要的資金全部由外國(guó)投資者或國(guó)內(nèi)投資者通過融資、貸款解決。政府不提供擔(dān)保資金,但可適當(dāng)貸款或參股,共同投資。
(4)從參與主體來看:政府與項(xiàng)目公司作為主要主體通過合同達(dá)成合作意向,項(xiàng)目公司分別通過貸款合同、經(jīng)營(yíng)合同、建筑合同、設(shè)計(jì)合同與銀行、經(jīng)營(yíng)承包商、建筑商、工程設(shè)計(jì)機(jī)構(gòu)達(dá)成有關(guān)貸款、經(jīng)營(yíng)、建設(shè)、設(shè)計(jì)方面的合作意向。
2政府在BOT投資方式中的保證責(zé)任
盡管BOT在國(guó)外的應(yīng)用相當(dāng)廣泛,相對(duì)我國(guó)而言卻還是較新的融資方式。特別是目前我國(guó)法律體系尚不健全,國(guó)內(nèi)成功的BOT案例也不多的情況下,BOT融資方式在我國(guó)的運(yùn)用還存在著不少的問題。尤其是由于公路建設(shè)投資大、期限長(zhǎng),投資者的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)相對(duì)較大。并且公路項(xiàng)目是我國(guó)的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施,在這種情況下,相對(duì)又增加了融資方的融資顧慮,因此,投資者往往要求政府在特許授權(quán)的法律文件中作出種種保證。所以,政府保證與否及保證的充分程度,是投資者進(jìn)行項(xiàng)目可行性評(píng)價(jià)的不可缺少的主要因素之一。可以說,政府的支持與保證是BOT項(xiàng)目取得成功的重要前提。
在公路建設(shè)BOT投資項(xiàng)目中,我國(guó)政府通常會(huì)提供的保證一般包括以下內(nèi)容:
(1)土地及其它后勤保證:投資者承擔(dān)BOT項(xiàng)目后,需要政府在供水、供電、備土、勞力、生活服務(wù)等方面提供便利條件。政府應(yīng)主動(dòng)協(xié)調(diào)電力、郵電、供水、勞動(dòng)、糧食、交通等職能部門與公路經(jīng)營(yíng)企業(yè)之間的聯(lián)系,積極疏導(dǎo)項(xiàng)目承建方與當(dāng)?shù)卣腿罕姷年P(guān)系,維持良好的治安和施工秩序。政府尤其是鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)、村組干部要積極為公路經(jīng)營(yíng)企業(yè)提供工程建設(shè)、養(yǎng)護(hù)、生產(chǎn)等所需的社會(huì)勞動(dòng)力,緩解勞力需求的矛盾,也可增加當(dāng)?shù)鼐蜆I(yè)機(jī)會(huì)。
(2)外匯匯兌保證:我國(guó)政府對(duì)BOT項(xiàng)目資本進(jìn)出我國(guó)所面臨的人民幣兌換成外幣及匯出、支付手段等風(fēng)險(xiǎn)進(jìn)行的保證是外商最為關(guān)注的政府保證問題。我國(guó)屬于外匯管制國(guó)家,人民幣不能自由兌換,雖然現(xiàn)行《外匯管理?xiàng)l例》規(guī)定在經(jīng)常性項(xiàng)目外匯實(shí)行自由兌換的浮動(dòng)匯率制,但在資本項(xiàng)目外匯上仍然嚴(yán)格管理,外匯自由進(jìn)出仍受到限制。由于公路建設(shè)BOT并非出口創(chuàng)匯項(xiàng)目,實(shí)施BOT項(xiàng)目主要采用境外外匯融資方式,收益則為人民幣,很少能自行做到外匯平衡。因此,經(jīng)營(yíng)利潤(rùn)能否兌換成外匯并自由地匯出,不僅關(guān)系到投資者的投資,而且還關(guān)系到公路建成后以收費(fèi)作為還本的問題。因此,投資者往往會(huì)要求政府對(duì)其經(jīng)營(yíng)收入能夠自由兌換作出保證,目前采用國(guó)際BOT方式的發(fā)展中國(guó)家,很多都對(duì)外匯匯兌作出了保證。
(3)限制競(jìng)爭(zhēng)保證:公路經(jīng)營(yíng)企業(yè)的收益直接取決于公路項(xiàng)目過往車輛的交通量。為保證項(xiàng)目建成通車后,經(jīng)營(yíng)企業(yè)有穩(wěn)定的收入,政府承諾特許權(quán)期限內(nèi)不在項(xiàng)目附近興建任何競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性公路,并控制公路支線叉道口的連接,使公路經(jīng)營(yíng)企業(yè)保持較高的回收率,以避免過度競(jìng)爭(zhēng)引起投資者經(jīng)營(yíng)收益的下降。實(shí)踐中提供限制競(jìng)爭(zhēng)保證已成為國(guó)際BOT方式的一種習(xí)慣做法。例如,英吉利海底隧道工程中,英法兩國(guó)政府對(duì)承建隧道的歐洲隧道公司作出保證,在33年內(nèi)不建造第2條橫跨海峽的連接設(shè)施。應(yīng)強(qiáng)調(diào)的是,競(jìng)爭(zhēng)只有是過度才是不必要的,因?yàn)檫@會(huì)導(dǎo)致資源的嚴(yán)重浪費(fèi)。因此,政府的保證針對(duì)的應(yīng)是“不過度競(jìng)爭(zhēng)”而作出的。
(4)經(jīng)營(yíng)期保證:即要求政府保證項(xiàng)目公司的一定時(shí)期的特許經(jīng)營(yíng)權(quán),不因投資者利潤(rùn)的豐厚而要求提前收回項(xiàng)目或以其它方式損害其利益。從投資者角度,經(jīng)營(yíng)期越長(zhǎng)越有利,但從國(guó)家角度看則正好相反。一般來說,項(xiàng)目經(jīng)營(yíng)期應(yīng)在20-30年左右,具體期限的確定,還要視項(xiàng)目投資者歸還銀行債務(wù)的安排及獲利情況而定。
(5)投資回報(bào)率保證:投資回報(bào)率是指在項(xiàng)目經(jīng)營(yíng)期內(nèi)所有現(xiàn)金流出和流入的現(xiàn)值的比率,即項(xiàng)目利潤(rùn)與投資的比率。由于公路建設(shè)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)大、利潤(rùn)低,東道國(guó)政府為吸引私人投資,弱化投資風(fēng)險(xiǎn),一般要考慮給予投資者一定的投資回報(bào)率保證。不過,這種保證一般是間接地,并限于對(duì)市場(chǎng)和價(jià)格的保證,而不包括對(duì)工程超期、超支等商業(yè)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的保證。但從實(shí)質(zhì)上講,政府對(duì)投資回報(bào)率的保證仍屬于對(duì)商業(yè)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)進(jìn)行保證的范疇,而并非政治風(fēng)險(xiǎn)方面的政策性承諾或保證。如1994年上海市政府專為上海延安東路隧道復(fù)建工程發(fā)布了《上海市延安東路隧道專營(yíng)管理辦法》,該辦法第十條規(guī)定,“上海市人民政府同意隧道發(fā)展公司關(guān)于雙方對(duì)利潤(rùn)分配的約定,港方投資者在專營(yíng)期內(nèi)從隧道發(fā)展公司取得百分之十五的投資回報(bào)率。”
3政府保證責(zé)任的法律沖突與風(fēng)險(xiǎn)
(1)政府保證的法律沖突
我國(guó)現(xiàn)行的法律對(duì)政府保證作出了種種限制或禁止,首先,政府對(duì)BOT的保證一般是通過政府與投資者簽定特許權(quán)協(xié)議來確立。但我國(guó)政府原則上不直接同外國(guó)投資者締結(jié)合同。《擔(dān)保法》第8條規(guī)定:“國(guó)家機(jī)關(guān)不得作為保證人,但經(jīng)國(guó)務(wù)院批準(zhǔn)為使用外國(guó)政府或國(guó)際組織進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)貸的除外”。外經(jīng)貿(mào)部1995年發(fā)布的《關(guān)于以BOT方式吸收外商投資有關(guān)問題的通知》(簡(jiǎn)稱《吸收通知》)第3條規(guī)定,“政府機(jī)構(gòu)一般不應(yīng)對(duì)項(xiàng)目做任何形式的擔(dān)保或承諾(如外匯擔(dān)保、貸款擔(dān)保等)。如項(xiàng)目確需擔(dān)保,必須事先征得國(guó)家有關(guān)主管部門的同意,方可對(duì)外作出承諾。”此外,中國(guó)人民銀行于1996年9月發(fā)布的《境內(nèi)機(jī)構(gòu)對(duì)外提供外匯擔(dān)保管理辦法》的第4條中也對(duì)政府機(jī)構(gòu)對(duì)外提供擔(dān)保進(jìn)行了限制。與《吸收通知》不同的是,國(guó)家計(jì)委、電力部、交通部1995年下發(fā)的《關(guān)于試辦外商投資特許權(quán)項(xiàng)目審批管理有關(guān)問題的通知》(簡(jiǎn)稱《審批通知》)第3條卻作出允許政府保證的規(guī)定,即“對(duì)于項(xiàng)目公司償還貸款的本金、利息和經(jīng)利匯出所需要的外匯,國(guó)家保證兌換和匯出境外。”
上述法律文件中,《擔(dān)保法》的立法權(quán)威性最高,因此,有學(xué)者認(rèn)為政府已被排除了對(duì)BOT投資項(xiàng)目外國(guó)投資者作出擔(dān)保的全部可能性。但有些學(xué)者卻認(rèn)為《擔(dān)保法》指的是民法上的擔(dān)保,而在BOT項(xiàng)目中,政府通過特許權(quán)協(xié)議形式為項(xiàng)目公司作出諸如經(jīng)營(yíng)期限和項(xiàng)目等后勤保證,實(shí)質(zhì)上屬于對(duì)我國(guó)法律規(guī)定和國(guó)際協(xié)定條款的重申,是一種“非法律意義上的政府保證”。更有學(xué)者認(rèn)為,政府對(duì)BOT項(xiàng)目的保證是一種“政府公法和行為”,具有國(guó)際法上的效力。
筆者認(rèn)為,BOT項(xiàng)目的政府的保證是“政府對(duì)其簽約行為的履約保證、對(duì)政治風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的承擔(dān)保證和對(duì)其特定的豁免權(quán)放棄的保證,對(duì)該保證的違反會(huì)引起外交保護(hù)或國(guó)際求償”。即這種政府保證是政府為了項(xiàng)目的順利完工、經(jīng)營(yíng)、移交,對(duì)于一部分本國(guó)法律己規(guī)定的內(nèi)容載入“特許權(quán)協(xié)議”中,以使該協(xié)議順利進(jìn)行。對(duì)于本國(guó)法律中未做規(guī)定的內(nèi)容,通過協(xié)議加以確定,以維護(hù)投資人、項(xiàng)目公司的利益。即我國(guó)政府保證其實(shí)是一種對(duì)政策和履約的承諾,在合理范圍內(nèi)放棄主權(quán)和豁免權(quán),一旦違約,政府要承擔(dān)相應(yīng)的法律責(zé)任。政府保證的目的是增強(qiáng)外國(guó)投資者的信心。
BOT投資方式的實(shí)施需要多個(gè)政府部門的共同規(guī)范,但我國(guó)目前尚無一個(gè)協(xié)調(diào)各部門的機(jī)構(gòu)或是職權(quán)明確的機(jī)構(gòu),因此各部門發(fā)布的一些規(guī)章就很難做到統(tǒng)一協(xié)調(diào),在不同的部門規(guī)定中,有時(shí)甚至?xí)霈F(xiàn)相矛盾之處。如《審批通知》允許直接提供外匯兌換和匯出的保證。然而,就法定職責(zé)來說,國(guó)家計(jì)委并非外匯主管部門,對(duì)外匯匯兌應(yīng)否提供保證的問題,應(yīng)由人民銀行或國(guó)家外匯管理局來作出規(guī)定,而不適宜由國(guó)家計(jì)委作出。但在人民銀行或國(guó)家外匯管理局的有關(guān)規(guī)定中,并沒有涉及BOT項(xiàng)目的政府保證。
因此,依目前法律法規(guī),要求政府對(duì)BOT項(xiàng)目作出保證有一定的法律障礙。首先,法律對(duì)政府保證的性質(zhì)和效力未作出特別規(guī)定,本身具有很大的不確定性,甚至相互矛盾,一旦發(fā)生爭(zhēng)議,將很難解決。如我國(guó)通常由國(guó)有公司同外國(guó)投資者簽訂經(jīng)濟(jì)合同.規(guī)定權(quán)利義務(wù),但發(fā)生問題時(shí)國(guó)有公司只承擔(dān)經(jīng)濟(jì)責(zé)任,而不承擔(dān)國(guó)家責(zé)任。再次,政府同外國(guó)沒資者簽訂投資協(xié)議發(fā)生爭(zhēng)議時(shí)不知如何解決。理論上,我國(guó)應(yīng)通過與有關(guān)國(guó)家簽訂的政府間雙邊投保護(hù)協(xié)定解決爭(zhēng)議。雖然我國(guó)于92年正式簽署《華盛頓公約》,但我國(guó)通常并不同意將爭(zhēng)議交付其在世界銀行總部設(shè)立的“解決投資爭(zhēng)議國(guó)際中心”仲裁。勝訴一方無論在哪一個(gè)締約國(guó)或其管轄下找到另一方財(cái)產(chǎn),都可以請(qǐng)求改締約國(guó)地法院予以扣押該項(xiàng)財(cái)產(chǎn)。因此,我國(guó)政府一旦敗訴,投資者可以在任何一個(gè)締約國(guó)申請(qǐng)對(duì)我國(guó)國(guó)家財(cái)產(chǎn)進(jìn)行執(zhí)行,該締約國(guó)甚至不得以公共秩序保留為由加以抵制。雖然國(guó)家財(cái)產(chǎn)享有司法豁免權(quán),但《華盛頓公約》將財(cái)產(chǎn)的扣押?jiǎn)栴}留給了裁決執(zhí)行國(guó)的法院依據(jù)自己國(guó)家的法律予以解決。但根據(jù)《公約》關(guān)于當(dāng)事人有權(quán)不將爭(zhēng)議交付“中心”仲裁的規(guī)定,我國(guó)政府一般僅同意通過國(guó)內(nèi)訴訟或國(guó)際仲裁解決,但外國(guó)投資者通常對(duì)國(guó)內(nèi)裁決的公正件表示懷疑。比如當(dāng)政府違反? 信凳保?夤?蹲收呔烤故且暈ピ嘉?商崞鵜袷濾咚匣故塹F鸚姓?咚希咳綣?翹崞鸚姓?咚希?敲詞欠穹?閑姓?咚戲ü娑ǖ氖馨阜段В?/P>
(2)政府保證的法律風(fēng)險(xiǎn)
公路經(jīng)營(yíng)企業(yè)主要依靠收取公路過路費(fèi)來謀求投資的回報(bào)。公路項(xiàng)目建成后車輛交通量的大小決定著收取過路費(fèi)的多少。政府可根據(jù)測(cè)算的交通量的增長(zhǎng)速度,在不同階段和年份制定出由政府控制掌握的最低收入水平線,向公路經(jīng)營(yíng)企業(yè)提供不同的最低收入的擔(dān)保。當(dāng)公路經(jīng)營(yíng)企業(yè)收取過路費(fèi)達(dá)不到最低收入水干線時(shí),政府可視情給予公路經(jīng)營(yíng)企業(yè)一定的補(bǔ)貼,保證公路經(jīng)營(yíng)企業(yè)的收益率,調(diào)動(dòng)投資開發(fā)商的積極因素。但政府提供投資回報(bào)率的保證將會(huì)使政府負(fù)起償債責(zé)任,提供這種保證,將違反《擔(dān)保法》中“國(guó)家機(jī)關(guān)不得作為保證人”的規(guī)定。也違反了《審批通知》第3條中規(guī)定的:“項(xiàng)目公司也要承擔(dān)投資融資、建造、采購、運(yùn)營(yíng)維護(hù)等方面的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),政府不提供固定投資回報(bào)率的保證”內(nèi)容。因此,國(guó)際慣例是政府不給予固定的保證,除非項(xiàng)目在經(jīng)濟(jì)或財(cái)務(wù)上不可行,作為吸引投資者的一種措施。如果政府保證固定投資回報(bào)率,那么BOT項(xiàng)目就變成了事實(shí)上的貸款項(xiàng)目,而這種貸款項(xiàng)目利率無異是較高的。這不但會(huì)使外商失去降低成本、提高效率的積極性,也會(huì)使政府承擔(dān)了不應(yīng)承擔(dān)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
但是考慮到BOT項(xiàng)目中投資風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的特殊性,特別是我國(guó)現(xiàn)階段的投資環(huán)境不盡完美,如果法律法規(guī)對(duì)此風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的保證作出禁止性的規(guī)定,一概否定“政府對(duì)投資回報(bào)率”提供保證,恐怕是不合理和不切實(shí)際的。雖然對(duì)于投資回報(bào)率的保證通常是建立在交通量預(yù)測(cè)的基礎(chǔ)上,但目前對(duì)于交通量的預(yù)測(cè)存在很大的不確定性,一方面由于預(yù)測(cè)理論模型自身的缺陷——根據(jù)混沌理論,非線性系統(tǒng)的長(zhǎng)期預(yù)測(cè)是不可能的,另一方面也由于咨詢機(jī)構(gòu)自身的問題。如西南某高速公路交通量預(yù)測(cè)的項(xiàng)目負(fù)責(zé)人毫不掩飾地對(duì)筆者坦言外商被蒙了。更有甚者,某咨詢機(jī)構(gòu)為得到西南某長(zhǎng)江的經(jīng)營(yíng)權(quán)轉(zhuǎn)讓可行性研究項(xiàng)目,居然許諾:甲方需要什么結(jié)果,他們就可以得出什么結(jié)果,而且該結(jié)果在同行中沒有人敢提出質(zhì)疑!對(duì)此,筆者認(rèn)為,一旦政府在投資回報(bào)率上遭遇賠償風(fēng)險(xiǎn),政府可根據(jù)《民法通則》和《合同法》向有過錯(cuò)的交通量預(yù)測(cè)的中介咨詢公司追索,從而化減政府投資回報(bào)率保證責(zé)任的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。這同時(shí)也提醒中介咨詢機(jī)構(gòu),隨著市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)運(yùn)行規(guī)則的逐步完善,尤其是WTO規(guī)則和相關(guān)國(guó)際通行做法,中介咨詢機(jī)構(gòu)是必須為其咨詢結(jié)論承擔(dān)責(zé)任的,這一點(diǎn),在安達(dá)信、畢馬威等會(huì)計(jì)師事務(wù)所事件中得以體現(xiàn)。因此,國(guó)內(nèi)的中介咨詢機(jī)構(gòu)在交通量預(yù)測(cè)的問題上必須采取慎重的態(tài)度,否則,不但有可能面臨來自政府、BOT項(xiàng)目公司和股民的索賠,后果嚴(yán)重的,將直接違反《刑法》,構(gòu)成“中介組織人員提供虛假證明文件罪”或“中介組織人員提供證明文件重大失實(shí)罪”。
4結(jié)論
西部大開發(fā)對(duì)公路基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施迅速增長(zhǎng)的需求,使得我國(guó)公路基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施投資的回報(bào)率和投資機(jī)會(huì),較之歐美市場(chǎng)有巨大的吸引力。但公路基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)所需大規(guī)模的投資,要求我們必須在用國(guó)際金融機(jī)構(gòu)貸款和外國(guó)政府軟貸款及證券融資的基礎(chǔ)上,加快B0T方式融資的步伐。但由于公路BOT投資項(xiàng)目是一個(gè)跨國(guó)投資,投資大、期限長(zhǎng),投資者的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)相對(duì)較大。因此,BOT項(xiàng)目的成功在很大程度取決于項(xiàng)目所在地政府是否給予強(qiáng)有力的支持,但也由此給政府帶來風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。而在我國(guó)法律法規(guī)中,涉及政府保證的內(nèi)容很少,大都只局限于項(xiàng)目公司外匯兌換與匯出的保證,以及項(xiàng)目公司因政策變化而受損失時(shí)允許其延長(zhǎng)經(jīng)營(yíng)期的保證,而對(duì)于其他一些私人投資者所關(guān)心和期望的諸如限制競(jìng)爭(zhēng)保證、土地保證、投資回報(bào)率保證等,都沒有作出具體規(guī)定。這勢(shì)必將給予地方政府人投資者進(jìn)行BOT項(xiàng)目談判帶來很大困難。對(duì)投資者而言,還意味著項(xiàng)目的政治風(fēng)險(xiǎn)大大增加,因?yàn)榧词沟胤秸疄橛嘘P(guān)項(xiàng)目提供他相關(guān)保證與承諾,也有可能會(huì)被其他法律法規(guī)或上級(jí)政府部門撤銷。
迄今為止,由于我國(guó)尚無關(guān)于BOT投資方式的綜合立法,而使投資者和政府均面臨較大的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),這也是BOT方式在我國(guó)還沒有成功推廣重要的原因。為減輕我國(guó)政府對(duì)政治風(fēng)險(xiǎn)承擔(dān)的壓力,必須盡快完善BOT投資法律體系,并鼓勵(lì)外國(guó)投資者參加海外投資保險(xiǎn),通過本國(guó)的海外投資保險(xiǎn)機(jī)構(gòu)或多邊投資擔(dān)保機(jī)構(gòu)承擔(dān)政治風(fēng)險(xiǎn),使我國(guó)政府對(duì)政治風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的承擔(dān)減少到最低限度。
參考文獻(xiàn)
[1]《國(guó)際私法與國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)法》.法律出版社.1998年
[2]幕亞平、趙康《BOT的法律問題與我國(guó)BOT立法》.《法學(xué)研究》.1998年2月
AnalysisofGovernment’sResponsibilityofGuaranteeinthe
BOTInvestmentofHighwayConstruction
YanQiangHuangPeng
(DepartmentofRoadandTrafficEngineering,TongjiUniversity,200092,Shanghai,China)
Abstract:Facedthetoughmissionofhighwayconstructioninthecomingtenyears,BOTinvestmentstyleisaefficiencywaytothemakeit,yet,ithasmanyprobleminimplement.Investorsalwaysrequiregovernment’sguaranteeinbywarrantylawfiles,suchas:soilandlogisticsguarantee,foreigncurrencyexchangeguarantee,confinedcompetitionguarantee,managementtimeguarantee,investmentreturnsguarantee,etc.Thoughgovernment’ssupportandguaranteeissubstantialtothesuccessofBOTinvestmentstyle,therearesomelawflaws,andtherearenotanorganizati ontoharmonizeallkindsorganizationwhichwouldotherwiseleadtoconflict,also,guaranteeofinvestmentreturnsmaymakegovernmentfacedlawissue.therefore,weshouldperfecttheBOTinvestmentlawsystemasquicklyaspossibleinordertodededucetheriskofgovernment’sguaranteeresponsibility.
Keywords:highwayconstruction,BOT,government’sguaranteeresponsblity
Nowadays,highwayconstructionhasformedtheinvestmentstyleofcentralgovernment,localgovernment,socialfinanceorganizationandforeignfinanceorganizationinvestment,whichmadehighwayconstructionhavegroundperformanceinrecentyears.Sinceit’sfirsthighway,fromShanghaitoJiading,in1989,chinahashad10000kilometershighway,NO.4intheworld,bythedayofOctober31,1999,whenthehighway——JinantoTaianfinished.Itisonlytook10yearstoconstructed10300kilometershighway.Now,withthesuccessfullyfinishedBeijingtoShanghai,Beijingto&nb sp;Shenyanghighway,chinahasmorethan16000kilometershighway,NO.3intheworld.Chinamadethegroundworkwhichdevelopedcountryalmosttook40years.Bytheyearof2010,Chinawillhavebuiltmorethan36000kilometershighway,whichmeanswehavetobuildmorethan20000kilometershighwayin10years.facedthetoughmissionaswellasshortofcapital,BOTinvestmentstyleisaefficiencysolutiontotheproblem.
1.characteristicofBOTinvestmentstyle
BOTinvestmentstylecanbeexplainedintwoways,oneisBOT:build—operate—transfer,theotherisBOOT:build—own—operate—transferorBRT:build一rent—transfer.Indetail,BOTofhighwayisgovernmentaccreditinvestor,includingdomesticandforeign,caninvestandoperatehighwayinlimitedyearsandfreelytransfertheitemtogovernmentbeforetheexpiretime.theEnglishchanneltunnelandGangjiuchanneltunnelofHongkongwerebuiltandoperatedbyBOTinvestmentstyle.
Comparedtootherinvestmentstyles,BOTitemhasisownlawpropertyasfollows:
(1)Ownership:accordingtothecontractofgovernmentandinvestor,investorhastheoperateauthorityofhighwayinlimitedtime,andhavetofreelytransferthehighwaytogovernmentbeforetheexpiretime.
(2)Responsibility:accordingtothecontractbetweeninvestorandgovernment,investorhastheobligationofdesign,invest,construction,operationandmaintenance.
(3)Capital:thecapitalofhighwayconstructionisinchargeofinvestor,governmentcan,butnotmust,investinthehighway.
(4)Participator:byloancontract,operationcontract,constructioncontract,designcontract,investorcontractwithbank,constructor,designerrespectively.
2.Government’sresponsibilityinBOT
ThoughBOTpopulatedoverseas,itisnotfamiliarwithus,especiallyundertheconditionthatwehavenotaperfectlawsystem,consequently,thereislittlesuccessfulBOTissueinChina.ConsideringhighwayBOTneedenormouscapital,whichincreasetheriskofinvestor.Thus,investoralwaysrequiregovernment’sguaranteebyauthoritylawfiles.Consequently,government’sguaranteeistheimportantfactorintheassessmentofBOTissue,inotherwords,itdecidedthesuccessofBOTitem.
Government’sguaranteeInhighwayBOTitemincludingasfollows:
(1)Guaranteeofsoilandlogistics:highwayBOTissueinvestorneedgovernment’sconvenienceinwatersupply,electricitysupply,soil,laborforce,livingsubstance,etc.Governmentshouldinitiativelyharmonizewater,electricity,post,labor,living,trafficdepartmentwithinvestor,notonlyharmonizeinvestorwithlocalgovernmentandlocalpeople,butalsomaintenanceconstructionorder.Government,especiallyvillagegovernmentandvillagecadreshouldinitiativelysupplylaborforceforhighwayconstructionandmaintenance,whichalsocansupplyworkpositionforruralarea.
(2)Guaranteeofforeigncurrencyexchange:Government’sguaranteeofforeigncurrencyexchangeismostconcernedbyinvestor.Chinalimitedforeignmoneyexchange,renmingbicannotbefreelyexchangedwithforeigncurrency,ThoughForeignCurrencyExchangeManagementDepartmentstatesregularissuecanbeexchangedwithforeigncurrencydynamic,capitalissuestillstrictlyconfined.HighwayBOTissueusuallyadoptedforeigncurrency,yetit’sreturnsisChinesecurrency.therefore,whetherinvestor’sreturnscanfreelyexchangewithforeigncurrencyisveryimportantto investor.Basedontheseanalyses,investorusuallyrequiregovernment’sguaranteeofforeignmoneyexchange,similarly,manydevelopingcountryguaranteedforeigncurrencyexchange.
(3)Guaranteeofconfinecompetition:Investor’sreturnsdirectlydependsontraffic.Toensureit’sstabilizationreturns,investoralwaysrequiregovernmenttopledgenotbuildcompetingissueduringmanagementtimetomakeinvestorcanhavestabilizationreturns,whichwouldotherwiseharmtoinvestor.Infact,guaranteeofconfinecompetitionispopulatedoverseas,forexample,BritaingovernmentandFrancegovernmentpledgetoinvestor,EuropetunnelCo.,notbuildsecondtunnelorbridgein33years.Butweshouldpointoutguaranteeofconfinecomp etitionisonlytacklewithovercompetition,becauseitwouldleadtoresourcewaste.
(4)Guaranteeofoperationtime:ItrequiresgovernmentassureinvestorhasenoughtimetooperatetheBOTissueeveninvestorhaswellreturns.Fromthepointofinvestor,thelongtimeofoperation,thebetter,whileitisonthecontrarytogovernment.usually,operationtimeshouldbetween20and30years,whichdependsonthepracticeoftheBOTitem.
(5)Guaranteeofinvestmentreturns:Investmentreturnsistheratioofactualvalueofinvestmentandreturns.Consideredthebigriskofinvestmentandthelowreturns,governmentusuallywouldofferguaranteeofinvestmentreturnstoattractinvestor.Butthiskindofguaranteeusuallyisindirectlyandconfinedinmarketandprice,notguaranteeofconstructiontimeandoverbudgetandsoon.Butinfact,government’sguaranteeofinvestmentreturnsstillbelongtobusinessguarantee,notpoliticsrisk.Forexample,ShanghaigovernmentstatesinSh anghaiYananEastRoadTunnelManagementOrderin1994:theinvestorofHongkongcanhavetheinvestmentreturnsratioof15%.
3.Lawconflictlawriskofgovernment’sguarantee
3.1lawconflictofgovernment’sguarantee
government’sguaranteeislimitedaccordingtoChineselaw.First,governmentpledgetoinvestorbycontractbetweenthem,butinprinciple,Chinesegovernmentcannotdirectlycontractwithforeigninvestor.theGuaranteeLawstates“governmentorganizationcannotbewarrantor,exceptloanedbyforeigngovernmentorinternationalorganizationwhichaccreditedbythecentralgovernment.”AccordingtoNoticeofSomeProblemontheIssueofBOTInvestment(NoticeofProblemforshort),whichpublishedbytheforeigntradedepartmentin1995states“governmentorganization commonlycannotguaranteeinanyway,suchasforeigncurrencyexchangeguaranteeandloanguarantee.unlessapprovedcorrelationgovernmentorganization,canpledgetoforeigninvestorifitisnecessary.”thePeople’sBankofChinaalsostatessimilarlyregulatesinsep1996.whilecontrarytotheNoticeofProblem,PlanCommittee,ElectricityDepartmentandCommunicationDepartmentin1995publishedthefile——NoticeonLicenseofExamineandApproveofForeignInvestor(NoticeonLicenseforshort),statesgovernmentorganizationcanguaranteefund,corpus,interestcan befeelyexchangewithforeigncurrency.
GuaranteeLawhasthemostauthoritycomparedtootherlawfiles,thus,somescholarsconcludedthatinBOTitemgovernmentcannotguaranteetoforeigninvestorinanyway.ButothersconsidertheGuaranteeLawconcernscivilly,whiletheguaranteeofgovernmentinBOTitemsuchasoperationtimeandlogisticsareactuallyreaffirmofourlawandinternationalaccord,thenitisnotlawguaranteeofgovernment.someevenconsidergovernment’sguaranteeispubliclawandactionwhichbelongtolawofnations.
Inmyview,government’sguaranteeinBOTitemisgovernment’sassuretocarryoutthecontract,bearthepoliticsrisk,renounceit’sgivenimmunity,thus,hedisobeyofassuringcouldcausediplomatismprotectofinternationalprotect.Inotherwords,government’sguaranteeistomakesureofthecomplete,operationandtransfertheBOTitemsmoothly,then,writedownthelawstatedpartsontheconcessionagreement,astotheissuenotstatedbylaw,thenbytheagreementtomakesureinvestor’sinterest.Therefore, ourgovernment’sguaranteeisactuallyassureit’spoliticsandgiveupit’sgivenimmunityinreasonablescope.Thedisobeywouldresultsgovernment’srelevantlawresponsibility,whichcanincreaseforeigninvestor’sconfidenceconsequently.
ThecarryoutofBOTitemneedsmanydepartments’assortwitheachotherwell,butChinastillhasnotaorganizationtoharmonizeallkindsofdepartments,whichmaketheirownfilescannotassortwitheachother,someevenconflicteachother.Forexample,NoticeOnLicensesstatesgovernmentcandirectlyguaranteeforeigncurrencyexchange.Buttotheirlegalresponsibility,PlanCommitteeisnotinchargeofforeigncurrencyexchange,whichisinchargeofPeople’sBankofChinaandForeignCurrencyManagementDepartment,thus,&nb sp;PlanCommitteecannotpublishfilesaboutforeigncurrencyexchange.Butthereisnofilesaboutgovernment’sguaranteeinBOTiteminthefilesofPeople’sBankofChinaandForeignCurrencyManagementDepartment.
Basedonthesediscussionasabove,inBOTitem,government’sguaranteewouldconflictwithcurrentlaw.First,currentlawdoesnotstategovernment’sguarantee,whichmakegovernment’sguaranteeuncertainlyandhardtosolveoncedisputedarisedduringthecourseofBOTitem.Chinausuallycontractwithforeigninvestorbystateownedcorporations.Butthestatescorporationsonlyassumeeconomicresponsibility,notassumepoliticsresponsibility.second,itisunclearlytosolvetheconflictbetweengovernmentandforeigninvestor.Inprinciple,its houldthroughbilateralagreementofgovernmentstosolvetheseconflicts.thoughchinahasbeenthestatememberofWashingtonAgreementsince1992,butchinausuallywouldnotagreetosubmittheconflicttoInternationalCentralofSolveInvestmentConflictwhichlocatedintheheadquarterofWordBanktoarbitrate.Oncedefeated,investorcouldrequireanymemberstatetoexecutethearbitrationoutcome,andthememberstateevencannotrejecthisrequirebyholdpublicorder.Thoughstates’propertyhasthegivenimmunity,theWashingtonAgreementsettheissueto& nbsp;besolvedbytheexecutingcountryaccordingtoit’sownlaw.Therefore,Chinausuallywouldnotagreetosolvetheconflictsbydomesticarbitrationorlawsuit.Butforeignusuallysuspecttheimpartiallyofdomesticarbitrationorlawsuit.Whengovernmentdisobeyitguarantee,foreigninvestordoesnotknowitisacivilactionoradministrationaction.Evenitisaadministrationaction,hedoesnotknowwhetheritintherangeofcourt.
3.1lawriskofgovernment’sguarantee
Investor’sreturnsmajordependsontraffic,andthetrafficdecidedhisreturns.Governmentcancalculatetheincreaserateoftraffictocontrolhisearnings,thusgovernmentcanguaranteeinvestor’sreturns.Ifinvestorcannotearninghisexpectedmeans,governmentcansupplysubsidytoinspireinvestor’senthusiasm.Butgovernment’sguaranteecouldmakegovernmentfacedtheriskofdebt,andtheguaranteemayviolatetheGuaranteeLaw——governmentorganizationcannotbewarrantor,andtheNoticeofLicense——investormustassumeriskofconstruction ,stock,operation,etc,governmentwouldnotpledgefixedreturns.Therefore,byinternationalrouting,governmentwouldnotpledgefixedreturns,exceptitisnecessarilyineconomicoffinancetoattractinvestor.BOTitemwouldturnintoloaninessentialifgovernmentpledgefixedreturns,whichcostwouldbeveryhigh.Then,notonlyinvestorwillloseenthusiasmindeducecostandincreaseefficient,butalsomakegovernmentfacedmoreriskwhichshouldnotbefaced.
ConsideredthedistinguishedriskofBOTitem,especiallyourinvestmentenvironmentisnotperfect,itisnotagoodideatoforbidanyguaranteeofrisk,especiallyguaranteeofreturns.Thoughgovernment’sguaranteeofreturnsdependsontrafficforecast,trafficforecastitselfhasmanyproblem,oneisthetheoryoftrafficforecastisnotperfect——bytheChaosTheory,itisimpossibletoforecasttraffic,theotherisconsultcompany.Inaitemoftrafficforecastofasouth-westcityairporthighway,themanatthewheelco nfesshecheatedtheinvestor.Allthemore,ogetthetrafficforecastitemofaChangjiangriverbridge,thechiefmanofaconsultcompanypromisetotheownertheycanmeetowner’sallkindsrequest,bandnocraftbrothercandoubttheiroutcome!Iwasdeeplyastonishedbytheseactionswhichignorelaw.oncegovernmentfaceddebtofhisguaranteeofreturns,hecanasktheconsultcompanytopaythedebtaccordingtolaw——civilcodelawandcontractlaw,thus,thegovernmentcanavoidtheriskofdebt ;.hisalsomeans,withthedevelopmentofmarket,especialtheWTOorder,consultcompanymustanswerfortheirwork,whichembodyintheaffairsofaccountantfirm.Therefore,thedomesticconsultcompanymustcarefultheirwork,orelsehemayfacedthedebtofgovernment,investorandbonder,evenoffendtheCriminalLaw.
4.conclusion
Withthedevelopmentofwest,investinhighwayhashigherreturnsandattractionthaninEuropeandAmericamarket.ThegreatneedsofcapitalmakeusmustquickenthestepofcapitalizeBOTinvestmentfromforeignfinanceorganizationandforeigngovernment.ButBOTitemisainvestmentoverseas,anditneedslongeryearsandgreatcapital,whichincreaseinvestor’srisk.Therefore,thesuccessofBOTitemgreatlydependsonthesupportoflocalgovernment,thusincreasegovernment’srisk.Thereislittlelawaboutgovernment’sguaranteeinBOT& nbsp;.Alltheseinvestorconcernedthingssuchaslimitcompetition,soil,returns,etc,arenotclearlystateinlawfiles.thus,itmakeitmoredifficultfornegotiatebetweengovernmentandinvestor.Toinvestor,thismeansincreasetheirpoliticriskbecauseevenlocalgovernmenthaspledgetothem,itstillhastheriskofrepealbylawofsuperiorgovernment.
Bynow,westillhasnotintegratelawonBOT,whichmakebothgovernmentandinvestorfacedmorerisk,thatisalsothemajorreasonwhyBOTdidnotpopulateinchinasuccessfully.Todeducegovernment’srisk,weshouldnotonlyperfectourlawsystemofBOT,butalsosupportinvestorinsureoverseastominimizegovernment’spoliticsrisk.
reference
[1]internationalprivatelawandinternationaleconomiclaw.lawpublishcompany.1998
[2]MuYaping、ZhaoKang.lawissueofBOTandBOTlegislation.lawresearch.feb1998